Understanding mass mortality in saiga antelope population

This research was conducted as part of a wide international collaboration, adopting a 'One Health' approach – looking at the wildlife, livestock, environmental and human impacts that have driven disease emergence in saiga populations. Adopting such a holistic approach has enabled the research team to understand the wider significance of die-offs in saiga populations, beyond simply the proximate causes of the 2015 epidemic.

The environmental conditions of the past 20 years were analyzed to identify the favoring factors of the opportunistic bacterial infection in the past. Time series of meteorological variables and land surface dynamics variables provided by LifeWatch were therefore analyzed. The statistical analysis of those datasets highlighted the importance of warm and humid meteorological conditions on the mass mortality events.

"The recent die-offs among saiga populations are unprecedented in large terrestrial mammals. The 2015 Mass Mortality Event (MME) provided the first opportunity for in-depth study, and a multidisciplinary approach has enabled great advances to be made. The use of data from vets, biologists, botanists, ecologists and laboratory scientists is helping improve our understanding of the risk factors leading to MMEs – which was beneficial when another MME occurred, this time in Mongolia in 2017. Improved knowledge of disease in saigas, in the context of climate change, livestock interactions and landscape changes, is vital to planning conservation measures for the species' long-term survival."

Professor Richard Kock

Richard Kock is Professor in Wildlife Health and Emerging Diseases and lead researcher at the Royal Veterinary College of the University of London. He is a dedicated wildlife veterinarian, researcher and conservationist.

Background

The saiga antelope is a critically endangered antelope. It is the only species of antelope that lives in Eurasia. Its prominent feature is the pair of closely spaced, bloated nostrils directed downward. According to Wikipedia, it originally inhabited a vast area of the Eurasian steppe zone from the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains and Caucasus into Dzungaria and Mongolia. After suffering poaching and environmental threats, the dominant subspecies (S. t. tatarica) is only found in one location in Russia and three areas in Kazakhstan.

In 2015, more than 200,000 saiga antelopes died in 3 weeks in central Kazakhstan. The proximate cause of death was confirmed as hemorrhagic septicemia caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida type B, based on multiple strands of evidence. However, the reason why this usually harmless bacteria became toxic was unknown. A group of researchers led by Pr R. Kock therefore joined forces to solve this mystery. This team included scientists from different fields, including veterinary, biology, epidemiology and remote sensing.

Methodology

This research was conducted as part of a wide international collaboration, adopting a 'One Health' approach – looking at the wildlife, livestock, environmental and human impacts that have driven disease emergence in saiga populations. Adopting such a holistic approach has enabled the research team to understand the wider significance of die-offs in saiga populations, beyond simply the proximate causes of the 2015 epidemic.

The environmental conditions of the past 20 years were analyzed to identify the favoring factors of the opportunistic bacterial infection in the past. Time series of meteorological variables and land surface dynamics variables provided by LifeWatch were therefore analyzed. The statistical analysis of those datasets highlighted the importance of warm and humid meteorological conditions on the mass mortality events.

Used components of the LifeWatch Infrastructure

Land cover dynamics website

The land cover dynamics website is one of the contributions of the Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles to the LifeWatch ERIC. It was initiated in 2015 to distribute curated remotely sensed time series about key observable variables of the terrestrial environment in Europe. The first variable is about snow cover. The weekly snow cover probability is provided alongside key temporal metric. Near-real time anomalies (unusual presence or absence of snow cover in a given region) then give a snapshot of the snow cover status in Europe every week. The second variable of interest is the vegetation greenness. This information is derived from the normalized vegetation index, which is sensitive to photosynthetically active vegetation. Similar to the case of snow cover, long term average, temporal metrics and weekly anomalies are provided.

Output

Publications

Kock, R.A.; Orynbayev, M.; Robinson, S.; Zuther, S.; Singh, N.J.; Beauvais, W.; Morgan, E.R.; Kerimbayev, A.; Khomenko, S.; Martineau, H.M.; Rystaeva, R.; Omarova, Z.; Wolfs, S.; Hawotte, F.; Radoux, J.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2018). Saigas on the brink: multidisciplinary analysis of the factors influencing mass mortality events. Science Advances 4(1): eaao2314. https://hdl.handle.net/10.1126/sciadv.aao2314

News

Death on the Steppes: Mystery Disease Kills Saigas (The New York Times, May 29, 2015)

Mass deaths of saiga antelope in Kazakhstan caused by bacteria (The Guardian, April 14, 2016)

Why Did Two-Thirds of These Weird Antelope Suddenly Drop Dead? (The Atlantic, January 17, 2018)

Saigas on the Brink: Multidisciplinary analysis of the factors influencing Mass Mortality Event (Science Advances, January 17, 2018)

Scientists uncover secret of mass antelope mortality event in remote steppe grassland of Central Asia (Phys.Org, January 18, 2018)

Scientists uncover why 200,000 antelope suddenly died (Oxford Science Blog, January 19, 2018)

Qu’est-ce qui a tué les antilopes saïgas? (UCLouvain Science Today, March 20, 2018)

Death on the steppes: The saga of the saiga antelope (Animalogic, November 12, 2018)

Saiga Struggling to Survive (All Creatures Podcast Episode 81, April 2, 2019)

The Saiga Antelope: A Species on the Brink of Extinction (Mu Animals, April 25, 2019)

Contact

E-mail: julien.radoux@uclouvain.be

Useful links

Land Cover Dynamics Website: http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/lifewatch/geoviewer.html

Image credits

Dead Saiga antelope, Sergei Khomenko (FAO)
Saiga in West Kazakhstan. Author: Yakov Fedorov [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Wild saiga antelope, Saiga tatarica tatarica visiting a waterhole at the Stepnoi Sanctuary, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. Author: Andrey Giljov [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Com

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